Ethics Of Organ Donation And Transplantation History Essay

Ethics Of Organ Donation And Transplantation History Essay Grafting, transplanting or transferring, all are terms that mean replacing a failing vital organ with a healthy functioning one. Human body build up with multi of organs, some of them are vital organs as Brain, Heart, Lungs, Liver, Pancreas and Kidneys with no any of them human cannot live at all. On the other hand, tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, and veins. Transplantation and organ donation are inseparably intertwined; this dream has inspired scientists during the history to obtain a successful organ transplant between humans and beat the immune system army from fighting the gift of life and improve the quality of the recipient life. Ancient Transplants and Myths In fact, organ replacement was a dream in ancient times. The Hindu deity Ganesha had his head replaced by an elephants head soon after birth (Rig-Veda, 1500 B.C.). In the Christian tradition, Saints Cosmas and Damian (fl. 3rd century A.D.) are famous for replacing the diseased leg of a true believer with the leg of a dark-skinned Moor, thereby becoming the patron saints of physicians and surgeons.  [i]   Many Roman and Chinese myths cite transplants of legs and hearts by saints and medicine men, but the first account of an actual transplant took place in the second century B.C. The Indian surgeon Sushruta transplanted skin from one man to help rebuild the nose of another man. Another recorded account of transplantation took place in the late 16th century, again with skin. Italian surgeon Gasparo Tagliacozzi also did a skin graft, but his is also the first recorded account of rejection of the transplant by the patient.  [ii]  He recognized it to the force and power of individuality in his 1596 work  De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem. This shows that the idea of using human body as treatment in end stage diseases was flying in the scientific horizon. The failed experiments verses the successful ones have established a solid database for their followers to reach the first successful organ transplantation in the early 1900s. Keratoplastic operation or corneal allograft transplant was performed successfully by Eduard Zirm  in Olomouc, Czech Republic, in 1905.  [iii]  . The most important experimenter of transplantation in the early 20th century was the French surgeon Alexis Carrel. He began to experiment with the transplantation of arteries and veins, one of his few successful human procedures. This work would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1912. Carrel also was the first to identify the problem of rejection, a dilemma that would stymie many scientists and doctors. Experimenting on dogs, Carrel learned the recipient body most often rejects donor organ material  [iv]   Nevertheless, who crooked the history on its head was the collaboration between all of Dr. Joseph Murray, Dr. J. Hartwell Harrison and Dr. John Merrill, they have registered the first successful golden standard therapy in the end stage renal disease when they performed the first kidney transplant in 23 Dec 1954 in Brigham Hospital at Boston, The procedure was done between  identical twins  to eliminate any problems of an  immune reaction. For this and later work, Dr. Murray received the  Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1990.  [v]   In the late 1940s,  Peter Medawar, working for the  National Institute for Medical Research, improved the understanding of rejection. He has identified the immune reactions in 1951. Medawar suggested that  immunosuppressive drugs  could be used.  Cortisone  had been recently discovered and the more effective  azathioprine  was identified in 1959, but it was not until the discovery of  cyclosporine  in 1970 that transplant surgery found a sufficiently powerful immunosuppressive. Other organ transplantation attempts were not stopped. The journey has continued by James Hardy, when he performed the first successful deceased-donor lung transplant into a  lung cancer  sufferer in June 1963 in  Jackson, Mississippi. Thomas Starzl of Denver attempted a liver transplant during the same year, but was not successful until 1967. The heart was a most important prize for transplant surgeons. However, as well as rejection issues the heart deteriorates within minutes of death so any operation would have to be performed at great speed. The development of the  heart-lung machine  was also needed. Lung pioneer  James Hardy attempted a human heart transplant in 1964, but a premature failure of the recipients heart caught Hardy with no human donor, he used a chimpanzee heart that failed very quickly. In December 3, 1967, the media has published the first successful achievement by  Christian Barnard  in  Cape Town, South Africa.  Louis Washkansky, the recipient, survived for eighteen days amid what many saw as a distasteful publicity circus. The media interest prompted a spate of heart transplants. Over a hundred were performed in 1968-69, but almost all the patients died within sixty days. Barnards second patient,  Philip Blaiberg, lived for 19 months. It was the advent of cyclosporine that altered transplants from research surgery to life-saving treatment. In 1968 surgical pioneer  Denton Cooley  performed seventeen transplants including the first heart-lung transplant. Fourteen of his patients were dead within six months. By 1984 two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. With organ transplants becoming commonplace, limited only by donors, surgeons moved onto more risky fields, multiple organ transplants on humans and whole-body transplant research on animals. On March 9, 1981, the first successful  heart-lung transplant took place at Stanford University Hospital. The head surgeon, Bruce Reitz, credited the patients recovery to cyclosporine-A  [vi]  . Recently, the rate of successful organ transplants has increased rapidly and it has become the standard therapy in all over the world for end stage organ failure diseases. Combining to it the modern immunosuppression, which make transplants more common. However, types of donation have enlarged the pool of organs to cover the critical shortage of organs such as: Living-related donor. Living unrelated donors. Deceased donors. Non-heart beating. Xenotransplantation. Peter K.  Linden (January 2009) simply described this technology explosion as This field has progressed initially from what can accurately be termed a clinical experiment to routine and reliable practice, which has proven to be clinically effective, life-saving and cost-effective  [vii]  . To summaries the Organ Transplantation History, we can list the significant events in this timeline frame: 1954: On December 23, the first successful living-related kidney transplant led by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at Brigham Hospital in Boston: A kidney was transplanted from Ronald Herrick into his identical twin, Richard.   1962:  First successful kidney transplant from a deceased donor, led by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at Brigham Hospital in Boston.   1963:  First successful lung transplant led by Dr. James Hardy at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, MS. 1966:  First successful pancreas/kidney transplant led by Drs. Richard Lillehei and William Kelly at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, MN. 1967:  First successful liver transplant led by Dr. Thomas Starzl at the University of Colorado in Denver, CO.   1967:  First successful heart transplant led by Dr. Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa.   1968:  First successful heart transplant in the United States led by Dr. Norman Shumway at Stanford University Hospital in Stanford, CA.   1968:  Uniform Anatomical Gift Act establishes the Uniform Donor Card as a legal document for anyone 18 years of age or older to legally donate his or her organs upon death. 1972:  End Stage Renal Disease Act (ESRD) paves way for Medicare Coverage of Renal Dialysis and Kidney Transplants.  Ã‚      1981:  First Successful heart/lung transplant led by Dr. Brice Reitz at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA. 1983:  FDA approves Cyclosporine, the most successful anti-rejection medication developed to date; by 1984, two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. 1983:  First successful single lung transplant led by Dr. Joel Cooper from the Toronto Lung Transplant Group, at Toronto General Hospital in Canada. 1984:  National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) establishes a nationwide computer registry operated by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS); authorizes financial support for Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs); prohibits buying or selling of organs in the United States. 1986:  Dr. Michael DeBakey performs the worlds first heart transplant in 14 years. (USA) 1986:  First successful double-lung transplant led by Dr. Joel Cooper from the Toronto Lung Transplant Group, at Toronto General Hospital in Canada. 1986:  Required Request Laws require hospitals to develop policies to identify patients as potential donors and approach families about organ donation. 1988:  FDA approves Viaspan, which greatly extends the preservation of donated livers.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1989:  First successful small intestine transplant (a near-total small bowel from a deceased donor) into a child, led by Dr. Olivier Goulet in Paris, France. 1989:  First successful living-related liver transplant led by Dr. Christoph Broelsch from Hamburg, Germany, at the University of Chicago Medical Center.  Ã‚      1990:  First successful living-related lung transplant led by Dr. Vaughn Starnes at Stanford University Medical Center in Palo Alto, California. He transplants the lobe of one lung from an adult female into the womans 12-year-old daughter.  Ã‚      1992:  First baboon to human liver transplant performed by Drs. Satoru Todo, Andreas Tzakis and John Fung, under the direction of pioneer transplant surgeon Thomas Starzl, at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. 1998:  National Conditions of Participation legislation enacted; required hospitals to refer all deaths, and imminent deaths, to the local Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) 1998:  First successful hand transplant led by Australian Dr. Earl Owen and Frenchman Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard in a 13-hour long operation in Lyon, France. 2005:  First successful partial face transplant led by Dr. Bernard Devauchelle and Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard in Amiens, France.   2008:  Dr. Michael DeBakey, the world-famous cardiovascular surgeon who pioneered such now-common procedures as bypass surgery and invented a host of devices to help heart patients, died on July 11, at   the age of 99. 2010:  The worlds first full-face transplant took place in Spain. The recipient was a man injured in a shooting accident. In July, the recipient who was only identified as Oscar (age 31), spoke with considerable difficulty at a news conference at Barcelonas Vall dHebron hospital, where he was operated on in late March  [viii]  . Advanced Medical Technologies Ethical Dilemma

Persuasive Speech on Thift Retail

Everybody knows millions of years ago before the manifestation of the global society, man and woman ran around buck naked and fancy-free. However, Nowadays running around naked is somewhat frowned upon society. On a show of hands how many of you are all about living green? On a show of hands how many of you like to save money while giving profit/donations towards a good cause?Good Afternoon class, My name is Pearl Bentum and I shall be discussing with you the mission of different types of thrift retails, How to donate items, and last but not least items you could find at these stores. Let’s begin with the missions of different types of thrift retail. Salvation Army is one of the most popular amongst them all. Due to the fact that it’s the only religious one. Their mission is to use donations to Care for the poor, Feed the hungry, Shelter the homeless, Cloth the naked, Love the unlovable, and Befriend the friendless.Another type of thrift retail is the Good Will. Their m ission is to provide vocational education for people with disabilities, training programs, services based on the needs of the community, and the financial resources of the organization. Let’s move on to how to donate items. There are three steps to take in order to donate your items. Number one, you have to determine whether or not your item/items are useful. Most charities can only make use of items that are new, unused, or nearly new.If you don't have any use for your old, tattered couch, rusty washing machine, or other used item, chances are neither will a charity. Similarly, a timeshare that has turned out to be a bad investment for you won't do much to help out a worthy charity. Number two, Consider selling your items and donating the proceeds to charity. By donating cash instead of goods you allow charities greater flexibility in spending the money so that it reaches the people or animals that need it the most.When you sell the items yourself you also eliminate the for- profit middleman that can take a big cut of the money intended for charity. When you sell the items yourself you also unburden charities of any time and money they would have to spend on selling or refurbishing the items, allowing them to spend more resources directly fulfilling their missions. Finally, by selling the items yourself, you know the exact value of the donation you can report to the IRS and don't have to worry about estimating the amount for your tax returns.Number three, Start locally to find the right charity. In order to avoid transportation costs that can lower the impact of your donation, look first in your local community to find a charity to support with your noncash contribution. Call around and ask charities if they accept the kind of items you are looking to donate, and if they don't find out if they have any suggestions of a charity that does. Lastly, I would like to share with you what you can find at these thrift retails. You can items such as clothes and s hoes.For example this whole outfit I have on today I purchased at the thrift store. You can find items such as couches and decorative pillows such as this one I purchased about a year ago. There is also a wide variety of electronics that you could find. In brief, getting involved in the thrift retail business, weither its thru purchasing items or donating items it goes to a good cause and also helps you to save money and go green. Just know that every little thing counts. And hopefully you will go out and donate or even shop at the thrift stores. Thank you

Negotiation Strategy Analysis - 929 Words

Negotiation Strategy Article Analysis Negotiations are handled differently by everyone. Some Negotiators are more passive and others extremely direct. Some love the bargaining process and begin the offer extremely low or high for the purpose of playing the negotiating game with their opponent. Others just prefer to have their best cards on the table with a take it or leave it attitude. Negotiators should learn when and how to use different negotiating styles. After all, negotiations play a huge role in business today. Two main negotiating strategies exist; non engagement and Active engagement. Both strategies will be discussed thoroughly to assist in identifying how different strategies may be used in business. â€Å"The California State†¦show more content†¦In this situation one side will get all. The cases mentioned differ as far as the strategy used. For the University of California faculty, the style more accurately reflects integrative style of negotiating. Each side is winning in some respect. They are aware of each other’s ultimate goals and are able to accommodate each other. In the end, the faculty avoid further dispute which is consistent with a non-engagement strategy. On the other hand, in the case concerning the da and tobacco company neither party wants to give in to each other. The FDA is determined to combat the issues resulting from tobacco products; while the tobacco companies are determined to maintain their labels as is. Circumstances surrounding every negotiation will determine which strategy is best to use. However, to become fully competent in making the decision on which strategy to use, one must understand how each strategy applies in real world sit uations. The two cases mentioned are excellent demonstrations on their usage. References Hoag, C. (2012, September 5). Cal State faculty approve 4-year contract. The Times-Standard. Retrieved from http://www.times-standard.com/localnews/ci_21470909/cal-state-faculty-approve-4-year-contract Lewicki, Barry, and Saunders, (2006). Negotiation 5th ed. Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedNegotiation Strategy Analysis1141 Words   |  5 PagesNegotiation Strategy Analysis MGT445 September 6, 2010 Jeni Mixon Negotiation Strategy Analysis In many interactions throughout life, there comes the need to negotiate. Negotiation comes in many forms and fashions. Often when there is an issue, when there is a purchase, when a person has a need, when we have a want and many other instances can require the use of negotiation to achieve the desired outcome. In the world of business, negotiations are a staple of every interaction. DependingRead MoreNegotiation Strategy Article Analysis1105 Words   |  5 PagesNegotiation Strategy Article Analysis Leisha Clark MGT/445 October 13, 2010 Dr. Michael Taku Negotiation Strategy Article Analysis Using the Internet the author of this paper will find two articles that describe a negotiation situation that employs different negotiation strategies. The negotiation processes used in the selected articles will be described. The two strategies will be compared and contrasted and how they may apply in the work setting. Negotiation Articles Read MoreNegotiation Strategy Article Analysis Paper1062 Words   |  5 PagesNegotiation Strategy Article Analysis Paper Andres Zangara MGT/445 University of Phoenix Every negotiation starts with a process followed by a strategy because without either, then it would be just a disagreement with any kind of resolution to the issue. 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The initial step that starts negotiation is preparation where you prepare yourself for negotiation considering the issues and goals that you want to attain at the end of the negotiationRead MoreCase Study962 Words   |  4 PagesNegotiation Strategies Articles Analysis University of Phoenix MGT/445 April , 2011 the Electronic Reserve Readings link for the course, the Internet, or other resources to find at least two articles that describe a negotiation situation that employs different negotiation strategies. Describe the negotiation processes used in your selected articles. Compare and contrast those two strategies and how they might apply in your work setting. 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Caxtalene Wyoff: * 60% and full management control and full license cost for technology. * Right to adjust price. * Profits paid immediately. CLQ: * 50% – 50% with lower license cost for technology.

Facts and Figures About Sivapithecus, the Primate Also Known as Ramapithecus

Sivapithecus occupies an important place on the prehistoric primate evolutionary flow chart: This slender, five-foot-long ape marked the time when early primates descended from the comforting shelter of trees and started to explore the wide-open grasslands. The late Miocene Sivapithecus possessed chimpanzee-like feet with flexible ankles, but otherwise it resembled an orangutan, to which it may have been directly ancestral. (Its also possible that the orangutan-like features of Sivapithecus arose via the process of convergent evolution, the tendency of animals in similar ecosystems to evolve similar features). Most important, from the perspective of paleontologists, were the shape of Sivapithecus teeth. This primates large canines and heavily enameled molars point to a diet of tough tubers and stems (such as would be found on the open plains) rather than tender fruits (such as would be found in trees). Sivapithecus is intimately associated with Ramapithecus, a now-downgraded genus of central Asian primate, discovered in the country of Nepal, that was once considered to be directly ancestral to modern humans. It turns out that the analysis of the original Ramapithecus fossils was flawed and that this primate was less human-like, and more orangutan-like, than had initially been thought, not to mention disturbingly similar to the earlier-named Sivapithecus. Today, most paleontologists believe that the fossils attributed to Ramapithecus actually represent the slightly smaller females of genus Sivapithecus (sexual differentiation not being an uncommon feature of ancestral apes and hominids), and that neither genus was a direct Homo sapiens ancestor. Species of Sivapithecus/Ramapithecus There are three named species of Sivapithecus, each dating to slightly different time frames. The type species, S. indicus, discovered in India in the late 19th century, lived from about 12 million to 10 million years ago; a second species. S. sivalensis, discovered in northern India and Pakistan in the early 1930s, lived from about nine to eight million years ago; and a third species, S. parvada, discovered on the Indian subcontinent in the 1970s, was significantly bigger than the other two and helped drive home the affinities of Sivapithecus with modern orangutans. You might be wondering, how did a hominid like Sivapithecus (or Ramapithecus) wind up in Asia, of all places, given that the human branch of the mammalian evolutionary tree originated in Africa? Well, these two facts are not inconsistent: it could be that the last common ancestor of Sivapithecus and Homo sapiens did in fact live in Africa, and its descendants migrated out of the continent during the middle Cenozoic Era. This has very little bearing on a lively debate now going on about whether hominids did, indeed, arise in Africa; unfortunately, this scientific dispute has been tainted by some well-founded accusations of racism (of course we didnt come from Africa, say some experts, since Africa is such a backward continent). Name: Sivapithecus (Greek for Siva ape); pronounced SEE-vah-pith-ECK-us Habitat: Woodlands of central Asia Historical Epoch: Middle-Late Miocene (12-7 million years ago) Size and Weight: About five feet long and 50-75 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Chimpanzee-like feet; flexible wrists; large canines